It is normally thought
that Europeans received the light of scientific knowledge from Greek scientists
but Greeks were ignorant of the arduous testing path to research and curiosity.
Their theories were based on general observations. The true spirit of research,
observation and experimentation was transferred to Europeans by Muslim
scientists. Alberuni, Alkindi and Ibn-ul-Haithem are the pioneer Arabs whose
researches were translated into European languages and they were made the
stepping stone of knowledge for the European scientists.
1.
Ibn-ul-Haithem
Introduction: He was born in Busra in 965 A.D. His
full name was Ibn-ul-Haithm Abu Ali Hassan Bin Hussain.
Working: He was known for his exceptional work
in the field of optics. He has invented pin hole camera by making a small hole
in the window to see solar eclipse.
Books: His
book name is Al-Manazir in which he discussed:-
·
Nature of light that it is a form of energy
·
Refraction of light that it deviates from its
original path when enters from one medium to another.
·
Research on spherical mirrors
·
Working and internal structure of eye.
2.
Al-Beruni
Introduction: He was born in about 973 A.D. in a
village near Khawarzim. His full name was Abu Rehan Muhammad Bin Ahmad
Al-Beruni.
Working: He was a famous physicist and an
astronomer too. He revealed that the Indus valley was infact the basin of a big
ocean which gradually filled with mud.
Books: His first book name is
Qanoon-ul-Masoodi in which he discussed:-
·
Measurement and shape of earth
·
Movement of Sun and moon
·
Shining and phases of moon
·
Longitude and latitude of earth
His second book name is Kitab-ul-Astarlab
in which he explained the methods of measuring:-
·
Circumference of earth
·
Depth of river
·
Density of metals
3.
Alkundi
Introduction: He was born in Busra in the 3rd
century hijra. His full name was Yaqoob Ibn-e-Ishaq Alkundi.
Working: He was not only a philosopher but
also a great scientist and physicist. He wrote books on sound and music which
is now a days popular in European countries.
4.
Dr. Abdus Salam
Introduction: Professor Dr. Abdus Salam is the only
Pakistani scientist who was awarded the prestigious nobel prize in 1979.
Working: He has combined two basic forces of
nature i.e., weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force.
5.
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
Introduction: Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is world
renowned Pakistani atomic scientist. He is working as director of Dr. Abdul
Qadeer Khan Laboratory.
Working: Under his supervision along with his
fellow scientists six successful nuclear experiments were carried out on 28th
May, 1998 at Chaghi in Baluchistan. And Pakistan became the seventh nuclear
power in the world.
POINTS TO REMEMBER
1.
Matter assumes the state of gas, comprising of ions and electrons, at a very high temperature. This is called Plasma.
2.
Matter in the plasma
phase makes up much of the universe.
3.
The matter of sun is also in plasma state.
4.
Energy obtained by breaking up 1 Kg of uranium is equal to the energy obtained from burning three million Kg of coal.
5.
In the 14th
century, scientist named Nicole
Oresme studied the change in
velocity with the help of geometry for the first time.
6.
In the 16th
century, Galileo studied freely falling bodies using modern
scientific method.
7.
The name of book of Isaac Newton is Principia
Mathematica.
8.
In the 17th
century, Isaac Newton
stated laws of motion and gravitation
in his book.
9.
In the 18th
century, the electric cell
was invented by Alesandro Volta.
10.
In the 20th
century, Albert Einstein
declared that mass and energy are
forms of each other.
11.
In the 20th
century, computer caused
revolutionary changes in all areas of life.
12.
The radio
telescope invented in the 20th
century.
13.
Physics is the branch of science which deals with the
study of properties of matter
and energy and their mutual
relationship.
14.
Physics has not only made progress in its own field but has also shown new avenues of research to other fields of
knowledge.
15.
The first step of the scientific method is to make observations of a natural phenomenon.
